Astigmatism means that the front clear (transparent) part of your eye, the Cornea, is shaped more like the uneven curve of a rugby ball than the even curve of a football. As as a result light is focused at more than one place in the eye. This can give rise to a number of symptoms including blurring. Astigmatism is one of 4 main types of refractive errors. The others include – Short sightedness (Myopia), Long sightedness (Hypermetropia) and Age Related Long Sight (Presbyopia).

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A medical condition in which the lens of the eye, loses its transparency, becomes progressively cloudy (opaque), resulting in blurring of vision.

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This is a complication of Diabetes Mellitus. This involves Type 1, Type 2 and those who fall in between Type 1 & 2. Diabetic eye disease is called Diabetic Retinopathy. It has various ways it affects the eye and if untreated can lead to sight loss.

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Dry eyes are eyes that feel dry due to decreased production of tears or production of poor quality tears. Symptoms include burning, redness, grittiness, transient blurring, etc

Watery eyes can occur  even when the eye is dry because the quality of tears produced is poor. The tears can then be “more watery” and rather than stay in the eye, they run off unto the eyelid and cheeks

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Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) is a condition where the gel (Vitreous Gel) that fills the space inside the eyeball comes away (detaches) from the seeing layer (The Retina) at the back of the eye. This is painless and symptoms include flashing lights and floaters (floating moving objects in ones field of vision).

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These are usually tumours of the eyeball or tumours of the eye muscle or contents of the eye socket. These varying tumours can be benign (e.g. optic nerve meningioma)  or malignant  (e.g. ocular melanoma). Symptoms depends on which part of the eye or eye socket is affected.

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Common problems affecting the eyelids include: Inward turning eyelids (Entropion), outward turning eyelids (Ectropion), ingrowing eyelashes (Trichiasis or Distichiasis), Excess loose upper lid skin (Dermatochalasis), Droopy upper eyelid (Ptosis), inflammation of the eyelid (Blepharitis), inflammation of the oil glands of the eyelid (meibomianitis), Viral infections ( Molluscum contagiosum, Herpes Simplex, Varicella Zoster, etc) and more…

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Common benign growths affecting the eyelids include: Cysts (Styes – meibomian cysts, Sweat gland cysts, oil gland cysts)  Skin tags  (Papilloma), Viral Infections (Molluscum Contagiosum), Seborrhoeic Keratosis, Actinic Keratosis and more…. 

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Eyelid cancers include: Basal Cell Carcinomas (Rodent Ulcers), Sebaceous Gland Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinomas, Merkel Cell Carcinoma, Malignant Melanoma and other rare tumours.

Glaucoma is  the name given to a group of common eye conditions  where the eye nerve (Optic Nerve), which connects the eye to the brain, becomes damaged. This is usually due to raised eye pressures which if left to continue untreated will permanently damage the eye nerve and lead to permanent sight loss.

Ocular Hypertension on the other hand is a condition where the eye pressure is raised, but there is no noticeable damage to the eye nerve. This condition can precede Glaucoma. Again  if the eye pressure is high enough, usually greater than 30mmHg and left untreated, damage can occur to the eye nerve (Optic Nerve) and result in Glaucoma. 

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This is a condition that results due to damage of the blood vessels in the seeing layer at the back of the eye (Retina) due to high blood pressure (hypertension)

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This is a general name given to a group of inherited or genetic  eye diseases. Examples of inherited eye diseases include some types of :

Cataracts, Glaucoma, Eye Misalignment (Squint), Optic Nerve Diseases (Optic Atrophy), Retinal Diseases (e.g. Retinitis Pigmentosa), Macular Diseases (e.g. Stargardt’s Disease, Best Disease) and more…..

This is a condition that results when an image or object seen, is focused behind the retina ( seeing layer ) of the eye, usually because the length of the eyeball is short. It can also occur due to other changes in the cornea or lens. People who are long sighted tend to see images or objects better in the distance than than images or objects closer to them. Treatment is usually with glasses, contact lens or refractive surgery – with intraocular lenses or laser surgery.

This is wear and tear (degeneration) of the central portion (Macula) of the seeing layer (Retina) at the back of the eye.

There are several types such as: Age Related Macula Degeneration (AMD) – This usually occurs in older people. It can be either a Wet Type, where there is leakage or the the Dry Type, where there is no leakage. Symptoms include central blurring of vision

Myopic Degeneration – This occurs in some people who are very short sighted.

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Ocular Hypertension is a condition where the eye pressure is raised, but there is no noticeable damage to the eye nerve. This condition can precede Glaucoma. Again  if the eye pressure is high enough, usually greater than 30mmHg and left untreated, damage can occur to the eye nerve (Optic Nerve) and result in Glaucoma. 

Glaucoma on the other hand is  the name given to a group of common eye conditions  where the eye nerve (Optic Nerve), which connects the eye to the brain, becomes damaged. This is usually due to raised eye pressures which if left to continue untreated will permanently damage the eye nerve and lead to permanent sight loss.

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This is a detachment of the seeing layer (The Retina) of the eye. If left untreated can give rise to permanent blindness. Common symptoms include floaters (floating objects in the vision), flashing lights in the any areas of the vision or loss of any part of the vision.

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This is a condition that results when an image or object seen, is focused in front of the retina (seeing layer) of the eye, usually because the length of the eyeball is long. It can also occur due to other changes in the cornea or lens. People who are short sighted tend to see images or objects better close up than in the distance. Treatment is usually with glasses, contact lens or refractive surgery – with intraocular lenses or laser surgery.

A squint is a misalignment of the eye ball such that when one eye is looking forward, the other eye looks  elsewhere, for example, inwards or outwards. Most squints occur in children.

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Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an eye condition that occurs when you have a problem with your thyroid gland, e.g. an over active thyroid gland. When TED is active it causes the eye muscles and soft tissues in and around your eye socket to swell.  As a result the eyeball can be pushed forward and appear to buldge forward.

TED may also be called thyroid associated ophthalmopathy, thyroid orbitopathy, Graves’ orbitopathy or Graves’ ophthalmopathy.

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Watery eyes (excessive watering of the eye unto the face) results from either excessive production of tears, blocked tear ducts or decreased tear drainage, Eyelid mal alignment problems, problems with the surface of the eyeball, such as foreign bodies. Watery eyes can also occur when the eye is dry because the quality of tears produced is poor. The tears can then be more watery and rather than stay in the eye, they run off unto the eyelid and face

Sight loss induced visual Hallucinations also called Charles Bonnet Syndrome are  visual hallucinations that occurs  among people who’ve lost their sight.

Hence people who have lost a lot of their sight (vision) begin to see things that are really not there – medically known as having a hallucination.

Please note that these hallucinations aren’t a sign that they have a mental health (psychiatric) problem.

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This is a registration with the local government to certify that someone’s sight has dropped below a certain level, such that it significantly affects ones activity of daily living. This is done using a Certificate of Visual impairment form released by the Department of Health

This registration is done by a consultant ophthalmologist. There are 2 levels of certification – Sight Impairment (Partially Sighted) or Severely Sight Impairment (Blind).

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